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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00139_Field_frep14.txt
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1996-12-30
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ORIENTATION COLUMNS
In this experiment, Gary
Blasdel applied a voltage-
sensitive dye to a monkey's
striate cortex and stimulated
the visual fields with stripes of
one orientation after the next,
while imaging the cortex with
TV techniques. Using
computers, the results are
displayed by assigning a color to
each set of regions lit up by
each orientation. For any small
region of cortex the orientation
slabs are parallel stripes, so
that a complete set of
orientations appears as a tiny
rainbow.
In the earliest recordings
from the striate cortex, it was
noticed that whenever two
cells were recorded together,
they agreed not only in their
eye preference, but also in
their preferred orientation. You
might reasonably ask at this
point whether next-door
neighboring cells agree in all
their properties: the answer is
clearly no. As I have
mentioned, receptive-field
positions are usually not quite
the same, although they
usually overlap; directional
preferences are often opposite,
or one cell may show a marked
directional preference and the
other show none. In layers 2
and 3, where end-stopping is
found, one cell may show no
stopping when its neighbor is
completely stopped. In contrast,
it is very rare for two cells
recorded together to have
opposite eye preference or any
obvious difference in
orientation.
Orientation, like eye
preference, remains constant
in vertical penetrations
through the full cortical
thickness. In layer 4Cß, as
described earlier, cells show no
orientation preference at all,
but as soon as we reach layer 5,
the cells show strong
orientation preference and the
preferred orientation is the
same as it was above layer 4C. If
we pull out the electrode and
reinsert it somewhere else, the
whole sequence of events is
seen again, but a different
orientation very likely will
prevail. The cortex is thus
subdivided into slender regions
of constant orientation,
extending from surface to white
matter but interrupted by layer
4, where cells have no
orientation preference.
If, on the other hand, the
electrode is pushed through the
cortex in a direction parallel to
the surface, an amazingly
regular sequence of changes in
orientation occurs: every time
the electrode advances 0.05
millimeter (50 micrometers), on
the average the preferred
orientation shifts about 10
degrees clockwise or
counterclockwise.
Consequently a traverse of 1
millimeter typically records a
total shift of 180 degrees. Fifty
micrometers and 10 degrees are
close to the present limits of
the precision of measurements,
so that it is impossible to say
whether orientation varies in
any sense continuously with
electrode position, or shifts in
discrete steps.